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SCHEME 



FOR THE 



CONQUEST OF CANADA 



IN 1746 



By victor HUGO PALTSITS 



SCHEME 



FOR THE 



CONQUEST OF CANADA 



IN 1746 



BY 

VICTOR HUGO PALTSITS 



Read before the American Antiquarian Society, at its Semi- Annual 
Meeting in Boston, April 26, 1905. 



> > 



WORCESTER, MASS. 

THE HAMILTON PRESS. 

1905. 






One hundred and twenty-five copies 
reprinted for private distribution 

Gift 

AuLhor 
(Person) 



A SCHEME FOE THE CONQUEST OF CANADA 

IN 1746. 



In the acquisition of the vast domain of Canada, by the 
treaty of 1763, Great Britain and her American colonists 
realized a hope long cherished. The proximity of the 
Canadians to the borders of New England and New York 
in particular, together with the French influence over the 
frontier Indians, had always been considered pernicious 
to the interests of these English colonies and threatened 
their ultimate destruction, unless ''some method were 
found to remove so bad a neighbour/'^ The reduction of 
this ''thorn in the sides'' of the neighboring English colonies 
had been attempted, therefore, in 1690, under Sir William 
Phips, and in 1711, under Sir Hovenden Walker. Phips's 
expedition was an expensive undertaking; cost the province 
of Massachusetts Bay alone above fifty thousand pounds; 
wrought death among many of her chosen young men, 
by a malignant fever that raged in the camp, and ended 
ingloriously. The Bay government did not for some 
years recover from the shock. Walker's expedition was 
entered into with cheerfulness by the colonists, but it, 
too, proved a fiasco. Apart from the cost of expeditions 
in time of war, the garrisoning of the frontiers involved 
a great annual outlay. Jeremy Dummer, in 1712, esti- 
mated the cost to Massachusetts for this maintenance as 
"Thirty Thousand Pounds communihus annis,'' ^ which 
would be spared, he said, if Canada were wrested from 
the French. 

1 Mass. Court Records, Series 17, Vol. V., p. 499. In Mass. State House, copied 
from Public Record OflBce, London. * Mass. Court Records, Idem, p. 501. 



From the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, until the open 
rupture in 1744, a nominal peace reigned. The declaration 
of war between Great Britain and France in the latter 
year equally involved their colonial possessions in conflict. 
On June 17th, 1745, Louisburg, the richest American 
jewel that had ever adorned the French crown, capitulated 
to the daring of the New Englanders under General William 
Pepperrell, aided by a fleet commanded by Commodore 
Peter Warren. The successful issue of this enterprise 
gave the English entire command of the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence, and thus enabled them to cut off Quebec from all 
hope of succor from France. It also facilitated the con- 
quest of Canada itself.* The victory was hailed with 
acclamation throughout the colonies, and a hope was 
expressed that no peace negotiations should ever be set 
on foot with France in which the restoration of Cape Breton 
should as much as be mentioned.^ 

The Canadians were apprehensive of a British invasion, 
but made vigorous preparations to repress it. They 
learned the English plans by means of scouting parties, 
from the English prints, and more particularly from the 
English colonists captured on the frontiers by their various 
incursions, and whom they held in confinement at Quebec.^ 
While the English colonial governments were engaged in 
promoting levies, the Canadians sent a large detachment, 
of two thousand men,* to take possession of the Acadian 
settlements in Nova Scotia, and succeeded in cutting off 
Governor Mascarene at Annapolis Royal from receiving 
intelligence for a period of six weeks. In France a f ormi- 



^ Memoirs of the Principal Transactions of the Last War. Third edition, Boston, 
1758, p. 33. 

2 Parker's New York Post-Boy, No. 164, for March 10th, 1746. The article itself 
is dated December 28th, 1745. 

3 The whole subject of rumors and French anticipatory action can be studied 
from N. Y. Col. Docs., Vol. X.; and Journal of Captain William Pate, Jr., New 
York, 1896. 

* Mascarene to Duke of Newcastle, November 12th, 1746. In Chalmers's Papers 
relating to Canada, in New York Public Library. 



dable squadron was mobilized at Brest, under command 
of the Duke d'Anville, consisting of eleven ships of the 
line, three frigates, three fireships, and two bombs, having 
on board 6,186 sailors; also twenty privateers, and other 
vessels of from ten to twenty-four guns each, which were 
also joined by fifty-six sail of transports, laden with stores 
and provisions, and two tenders with artillery. "The 
whole fleet consisted of ninety-seven sail, having on 
board the two battalions of the regiment Ponthieu, 
the battalion militia of Saumur, the battalion of Fonte- 
noy le Comte and a battalion of marines, in all 3,500 
men, with 40,000 small arms," as well as equipment for 
the Canadians and Indians, who were expected to join 
them/ The Brest fleet was designed to reduce the English 
fort of Annapolis Royal and to recover Louisburg. Grave 
rumors were rife in New England that a descent would also 
be made upon Boston. D'Anville was heading for Nova 
Scotia, when a gale and thick fog separated his ships off 
Sable Island. Disaster followed in their track, and of the 
whole fleet of ninety-seven sail only fifty-six remained.^ 
D'Anville died of apoplexy, his vice-admiral committed 
suicide, smallpox caused great mortality among the soldiers 
and seamen, the purpose of the enterprise was abandoned, 
and thus France was balked in her greatest naval expedi- 
tion to the coast of North America. 

In the English-American provinces an expedition against 
Canada was looked upon by some as a chance for ''fine 
plundering " %• while to others it appeared to afford ad- 
vantages ''inconceivably great to the Crown of Britain."* 
Indeed, the original suggestions of October, 1745, compre- 
hended the enlistment of 20,000 provincials, who should 
be offered, as an inducement, "the plunder of the country; 

1 Rolt's Impartial Representation, Vol. IV. (London, 1750), pp. 347, 348. 

2 For the details of this fleet consult Rolt, Vol. IV., pp. 346-352; a good modern 
account, varying somewhat from Rolt, is by Harry Piers, in Canadian History 
Readings. St. John, N. B., 1900, pp. 68-74. 

4 Post-Boy, No. 178, for June 16th, 1746. * Idem, No. 173, for May 12th, 1746. 



6 i 



as well as the land of the Canadians/' In official quarters — 
and none the less among the populace — it was judged that 
the acquisition of Canada would secure the fish and fur 
trade, deprive the French of provisions and lumber for 
their sugar islands, greatly diminish the trade of France, 
secure the English possessions in America — hitherto greatly 
incommoded, and put a halt to the building of French 
war vessels, then carried on in Canada/ Governor William 
Shirley, in his speech to the Council and House of Repre- 
sentatives of Massachusetts Bay, June 28th, 1746, told 
them it was but folly to consider Nova Scotia in security 
so long as the French continued to be masters of Canada. 
In the loss of that province he discerned the most fatal 
consequences to Massachusetts ''and all His Majesty's 
Colonies on the Northern Continent of America."^ He 
but spoke the truth from a bitter experience. 

Soon after the conquest of Louisburg, Shirley was called 
there to quell the discontent which had arisen among the 
provincials. His mission accomplished, he returned to 
Boston early in December, 1745. But while at Louisburg 
he had concerted measures with Pepperrell and Warren, 
for an expedition against Canada the following year. The 
project was communicated to the Duke of Bedford, then 
at the head of the admiralty, and was well received. 

The fighting strength of all Canada, according to the 
best available information, was judged not to exceed 
12,000 men, inclusive of the regulars; and the resident 
Indian allies were computed to be about 900.^ The winter 
of 1745-1746, intervened. On March 14th, 1746, the 
Duke of Newcastle wrote to the various American gover- 
nors, that ''should it be judged advisable to undertake 
any attempt upon the French settlements in the New 
World, they should take the proper measures for raising 

^ Chalmera'a Papers, Canada. 

2 Journal of the Representatives of Mass. Bay, 1746, p. 71; also the same in Mass. 
Court Records, Series 17, Vol. V., p. 501. 

3 Memoirs of Last War, p. 60. 



a body of men for that purpose." ^ This was but the 
suggestion of a fact soon to follow. 

It is worth while to digress here, in order to observe 
the environment in England in which the plans for the 
expedition against Canada were matured. Thomas Pelham 
was nominally prime minister, but the parliamentary 
influence and superior rank of his brother, the Duke of 
Newcastle, placed him practically on an equality in the 
cabinet. The broil of English politics was hot in the 
cauldron. On February 11th, 1746, Pelham had resigned, 
but was reinstated on the 14th of that month, after Gran- 
ville and Bath had failed to form an administration. This 
brought the two brothers, with their retinue of followers, 
back with increased power. '^Pelham was a timid and 
peace-loving politician, without any commanding abilities 
or much strength of character." ^ Lecky aptly remarks, 
that " the Pelham Government, though unsuccessful abroad, 
had acquired a complete ascendancy at home. The martial 
enthusiasm of the country had gone down, and public 
opinion being gratified by the successive deposition of 
Walpole and of Carteret, and being no longer stimulated 
by a powerful opposition, acquiesced languidly in the 
course of events. The King for a time chafed bitterly 
against the yoke. He had been thwarted in his favourite 
German policy, deprived of the minister who was beyond 
comparison the most pleasing to him, and compelled to 
accept others in whom he had no confidence. He despised 
and disliked Newcastle. He hated Chesterfield, whom he 
was compelled to admit to office, and he was especially 
indignant with Pitt, . . . whose claims to office Pelham 
was continually urging." ^ The perplexed monarch en- 
deavored to extricate himself from his embarrassments, 
but was immediately frustrated. England had for years 



1 Chalmers's Papers, Canada. 

2 G. F. Russell Barker, in Diet, of Nat. Biography. Pelham died at London, 
March 6th, 1754, and was succeeded by Newcastle. 

3 Lecky's History of England in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. I., p. 423. 



8 

scattered through Europe great subsidies, which increased 
her debt and impaired her prosperity, without signalizing 
any particular advantage/ Newcastle then, as later when 
he was prime minister, was ''the most remarkable instance 
on record in which, under the old system, great possessions 
and family and parliamentary influence could place and 
maintain an incapable man" in office.^ ''George II. 
complained that he was unfit to be Chamberlain to the 
smallest Court in Germany, and he was the object of more 
ridicule than any other politician of his time; but yet 
for forty-six years he held high posts at the Court or in 
the Government. For nearly thirty years he was Secretary 
of State; for ten years he was First Lord of the Treasury. 
. . . Intellectually he was probably below the average 
of men, and he rarely obtained full credit even for the small 
talents he possessed. He was the most peevish, restless 
and jealous of men, destitute not only of the higher gifts 
of statesmanship, but even of the most ordinary tact and 
method in the transaction of business, and at the same 
time so hurried and undignified in manner, so timid in 
danger, and so shuffling in difficulty, that he became the 
laughing-stock of all about him." ^ ... "At the same 
time, though a great corrupter of others, he was not him- 
self corrupt,'' * presenting in his person a curious anomaly. 
Such was the statesman entrusted with the direct negotia- 
tions with America for the conquest of Canada 

The apparent jealousy in England of the provincial 
prowess was expressed in the Duke of Bedford's written 
opinion of March, 1746. He said that no great reliance 
should be placed on the American troops, and feared, 
"after the experience we have had of them," "the Inde- 
pendence it may create in those Provinces toward their 
Mother Country when they shall see within themselves 
so great an Army possessed in their own Right by Conquest 



1 Lecky, Vol. I., pp. 427, 428. 2 Lecky, Vol. II., p. 438. 
3 Lecky, Vol. II., p. 439. * Lecky, Vol. II., p. 440. 



9 

of so great a Country." ^ He, therefore, wished to place 
the chief dependence on the fleet and army to be sent 
from England, and to look upon the Americans as useful 
only when joined with them. Meanwhile, not waiting 
for further instructions from England, the Bay govern- 
ment appointed commissioners, on February 12th and 
13th, who were to join with others at Albany, in a confer- 
ence with the Six Nations of New York, to urge the partici- 
pation of these Indians in the forthcoming project. The 
appointments, however, were not finally confirmed in 
Council until July 16th. They were Jacob Wendell, 
Samuel Welles, Thomas Hutchinson and John Stoddard. 
On July 18th, Oliver Partridge was appointed to succeed 
Hutchinson, 'Svho excused himself from that service.'' ^ 

On April 9th, 1746, Newcastle despatched letters by 
the sloop of war Hickinghrook ^ to the governors of all the 
provinces from New England to Virginia. The packet 
with the royal orders reached Governor Shirley on May 
26th, and he immediately forwarded the documents to 
the different governments by land expresses. He evinced 
his own interest by his personal correspondence, in which 
he urged co-operation. He was very zealous for the cause, 
and hoped that the Massachusetts Bay government would 
set a good example to the others.^ The royal orders 
required the several governments to raise as large a body 
of men as the shortness of the time would warrant.^ The 
King did not limit the number of men for each province, 
neither did he require special allotments; but he hoped 
and expected that the united levies would not be less 
than five thousand.® 

The scheme concerted in England varied very little 
from the suggestions which had been forwarded previously 

1 Chalmers's Papers, Canada. 

2 Mass. Court Records, Series 17, Vol. V., pp. 306, 311, 509, 521. 

8 Also spelled Hinchinbrook in Penn. Votes, Vol. IV., (Phila., 1774), p. 37. 

* Mass. Journal, May 29th, 1746. 

* Chalmers's Papers, Canada, April 9th, 1746. 

« Hutchinson's Hist, of Mass., Third edition. Vol. II., p. 381. 



10 

from America. It was agreed that the land forces should 
be commanded by Lieutenant-General James vSinclair/ 
while Rear-Admiral Warren was to look after the royal 
fleet. The plan of operations was not made irrevocable. 
Sinclair, Warren and Shirley were entrusted with such 
alterations as circumstances would require or good judgment 
might suggest. By the original instructions the companies 
raised in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland 
and Virginia were to rendezvous at Albany. The command 
of this contingent was given to William Gooch, lieutenant- 
governor of Virginia; but he pleaded indisposition, and 
declined to serve. Governor George Clinton, of New 
York, who was virtually responsible for the success of 
this part of the plan, appointed Lieutenant-Colonel John 
Roberts as Gooch's successor.^ From Albany these troops 
were to make a descent upon Montreal and lay waste 
the settlements on the upper St. Lawrence. 

The provincials of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, 
Rhode Island and Connecticut were to rendezvous at 
Louisburg as soon as possible, where they were to await 
the arrival of General Sinclair, the eight battalions of 
regulars, and the fleet commanded by Warren. This was 
the main guard, which was charged with the capture of 
Quebec. While they proceeded up the St. Lawrence, the 
men at Albany were to march to Montreal. The blow 
was to be struck simultaneously. The plans were well 
laid, and gave every earnest of success.^ 



1 Gen. James Sinclair (also written St. Clair), was the second son of Henry, 
eighth Lord Sinclair. He entered the army at an early age, and rose in the ranks, 
becoming lieutenant-general on June 4th, 1745, and had command of the British 
troops in Flanders, prior to his appointment for this Canadian expedition. He 
died on November 30th, 1762, while governor of Cork; Ireland. 

2 N. Y. Col. Docs., Vol. VI., p. 314. Roberts was an experienced soldier, having 
served since the days of George I. He was also connected by his fir.st marriage 
with the Earl of Halifax. 

3 The material for a study of the scheme is ample. The chief sources are Chal- 
mera'a Papers relating to Canada, transcripts from original documents in the Public 
Record Oflace of England. These transcripts are now in the New York Public 
Library; Memoirs of the Last War, p. 61; Rolfs Impartial Representation, Vol 
IV. (London, 1750), pp. 345, 346; Hutchinscm's Hist, of Mass., Third edition Vol. 



n 

So soon as the governors had received the Duke of New- 
castle's instructions of April 9th, they convened their 
several councils and legislatures, and urged immediate 
action. The whole number of fighting men within the 
participating colonies aggregated 340,000.' It has already 
been observed that the packet from England reached 
Shirley on May 26th. He immediately communicated the 
correspondence to his House of Representatives, who on 
the 30th of the month passed the following vote, which 
was read and concurred in Council and consented to by 
Shirley that same day. The tenor of that vote was this : 

"Whereas His Majesty has been pleased to resolve upon 
an Expedition against his enemies in Canada, which is appre- 
hended to be of great importance to His Majestys subjects 
in Great Britain as well as America; and notwithstanding 
the great difficulties and charges to which this Province is 
exposed by reason of the numerous attacks made on all parts 
of our Frontiers, which burthens are made much heavier by 
coming immediately upon the loss of so great a number of 
men as were killed and died in the late expedition against 
Cape Breton; yet this House judge it to be their duty to 
contribute all in their power thereunto in humble confidence 
that- as His Majesty has determined upon it and recommended 
it to his Excellency the Governor to raise what men he can 
in this Province, with transports & provisions suitable, the 
charge thereof will be reimbursed by the Crown, the Costs 
and Difficulties whereof would otherwise be insupportable:— 

"Voted that there be granted as an Encouragement to a 
number of good and effective men not exceeding Three Thou- 
sand to enlist Voluntiers into His Majestys service in the 
said Expedition against Canada, as a Bounty, Thirty Pounds 
in Bills of Credit of the Old Tenour, and a Blanket, for each 
man, and a bed for every two men, the money to be paid 
upon Enlistment and the Blankets & Beds delivered on em- 
barkation. That as soon as may be a sufficient quantity of 
provisions be secured and a suitable number of vessels for 

II., pp. 380, 381; N. Y. Col. Docs., Vol. VI.; manuscripts in the Mass. Archives, 
preserved in the State House at Boston; and the printed Votes, Journals and 
Records of the several colonies engaged in the expedition. 

1 Chalmers's Papers, Canada. From a list sent by Shirley to Newcastle, in July, 
1746, exhibiting the available fighting strength of the nine colonies engaged in 
the expedition, and showing how many men were voted and raised or nearly raised 
at that time. 



12 

Transports, as also a proper number of Chaplains, Ph3^sicians, 
and Surgeons, and a full supply of medicines, with all other 
conveniences for such as may be sick. 

" Voted also, that His Excellency the Governor be requested, 
by Proclamation, to publish the above said Encouragements 
mentioned in His Grace the Duke of Newcastles letter of the 
Ninth of April last." * 

On the same day the House voted and the Council con- 
curred, 'Hhat His Excellency the Governor be desired to 
appoint a day of Fasting and Prayer to implore the Divine 
Presence and Blessing on the intended Expedition against 
Canada." ^ Sunday intervened. On the next day, June 
2d, Shirley issued the following proclamation for raising 
troops, viz.: — 

"By his Excellency WILLIAM SHIRLEY, Esq;. Captain 
General and Governour in chief, in & over his Majestys pro- 
vince of the ]\Iassachusetts Bay in New England. 

A PROCLAMATION. 

"WHEREAS His Majesty has been graciously pleased to 
order a number of Troops under the Command of the Hon- 
ourable Lieutenant General S* Clair to proceed from Great 
Britain to Louisbourg, with a sufficient convoy of Men of 
War, and with them a great part of his Majestys Troops 
now in Garrison at Louisbourg, and also with such Troops 
as shall be Levied for that purpose in his Majestys Colonies 
in North America to attempt the immediate Reduction of 
Canada; and has signified his Royal pleasure to me, as also 
to the Govern ours of the several provinces & Colonies of 
Virginia, Maryland, Pensilvania, New Jersey, New York, 
Connecticutt, Rhode Island & New Hampshire, by Letters 
dispatch 'd from his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, That the 
necessary Dispositions should be forthwith made for the 
raising as many Men within this and the abovementioned 
Governments as the shortness of the time will admit for pro- 
ceeding on the said Expedition. 

"And Whereas the Great and General Court of this province 
have with the utmost Chearfulness and unanimity. Voted to 
give all necessary & proper Encouragement for Three Thousand 



1 Mass. Court Records, Series 17, Vol. V., pp. 426, 427. 

2 Idem, p. 428. 



18 

Voluntiors that shall inlist into his Majestys Service in this 
Expedition. 

"In Obedience therefore to his Majestys said Commands 
" I have thought fit with the Advice of his Majestys Council, 
to issue this Proclamation, in order to make known his Majestys 
gracious intentions & Declarations for the Encouragement of 
all able Bodied effective Men that are inclin'd to inlist them- 
selves into his Service in the said Expedition, together with 
the further Encouragement which is offered by this Government 
viz . That the said Voluntiers will be under such Officers 
as I shall appoint. That they will be immediately intitled 
to his Majestys Pay, the Officers from the time they shall 
engage in his Majestys Service and the Soldiers from the 
respective days on which they shall be inlisted; That if provi- 
sion cannot be made of Arms & Cloathing for them, by reason 
of the shortness of the time, a reasonable allowance will be 
made them in money for the same; That they shall be intitled 
to a share of the Booty that shall be taken from the Enemy 
& shall be sent back to their several Habitations when this 
Service shall be over, unless any of them shall desire to settle 
elsewhere. And for the further Encouragement of all Volun- 
tiers that shall engage in this Service, It is provided That 
they shall recieve Thirty pounds in Bills of Credit of the old 
tenour, as a Bounty, as also for each Man a Blanket, & a 
Bed for every two Men; the said Bounty to be paid upon 
their Enlistment, and the Blankets & Beds at the time of 
their Embarkation or proceeding on the said Expedition: 
And that all such Voluntiers as shall proceed on this Expedition 
shall be Exempted from all Impresses for two Years after 
their Return. 

''Given at the Council Chamber in Boston the second day 
of June 1746, in the Nineteenth Year of the Reign of our 
Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of 
Great Britain, France & Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith 
&c*. 

W. SHIRLEY. 
By order of his Excellency the Governour, 
with the Advice of the Council, 
J. WILLARD Sec'ry 

God Save the King 
A true Copy Examined ^ Sam Holbrook Dep. Sec'ry 
[Endorsed :] 

"His Excy Gov'. Shirley's Proclamation for raising 
Troops for the intended Expedition ag**. Canada 
JimG2^ 1746. "' 



^ Mass. Archives, Vol. 72 (Military Series 6), pp. 71S-720. 



14 

On June 3d a joint committee from the House of Repre- 
sentatives and the Council was chosen to provide ^'a 
sufficient quantity of Provisions, a suitable number of 
vessels for transports, as also a proper number of Chaplains, 
Physicians and Surgeons, and a full supply of medicines 
with all other conveniences for such as may be sick." It 
was also urged that in procuring the provisions and other 
necessities, the preference should be given to the produce 
of the Bay government. The House selected the Speaker 
and Messrs. Welles, Hubbard, Skinner, Hall, Russell, 
Thomas Foster, James Otis, Col. Heath, and Captains 
Pickman and Partridge, to whom the Council added John 
Osborne, Jacob Wendell, Thomas Berry, Samuel Watts, 
Ezekiel Chever, James Bowdoin, John Wheelwright and 
Andrew Oliver.^ Acts for supplying the treasury with 
large sums of money were enacted in June.^ But at first 
the House hesitated in this policy, until urged by Shirley 
in vigorous language. In his message of June 10th, re- 
ferring to their vote ''for staying any further proceedings 
in relation to the providing Transports and other neces- 
saries for the troops," he said, "Gentlemen, this last Vote 
seems to me to confound and frustrate all your former 
proceedings, unless you have some other practicable methods 
in view . . . than I am at present apprized of. You 
are sensible. Gentlemen, the Transports and Provisions 
must be had some way or other; and if there be any other 
way in which you expect they will be provided, I think 
it is fit I should know it. We have already lost much 
time by this interruption, and I desire we may now retrieve 
it, by the most vigorous proceedings; or else the most 
proper season for action will be irreparably lost." ' The 
objectionable ''Order to the Committee of War above 
refer'd to, was withdrawn by the Direction of both Houses, 



1 Mass. Court Records, Series 17, Vol. V., pp. 430, 431. 

2 Idem, pp. 433, 435, 436, 442, 444, 456, 463. 

3 Mass. Court Records, idem, pp. 445, 448. 



15 

and the Committee left to proceed according to their 
first Instructions." 

On June 14th, the following message from the House 
was sent to Shirley by the hand of Samuel Adams and 
others, viz.: — 

"May it please your Excellency. 
*'It being represented that divers Children under sixteen 
years of age have been received and allowed to enlist in the 
Expedition against Canada, by the Officers who have Beating 
Orders, this House have thought it their duty to lay this 
grievance before your Excellency. They look upon this 
practice with greater concern, because it not only brings 
great distress and difficulty on Parents and Masters, but it 
is apprehended to be likely to be very pernicious, and should 
it become general, must be fatal to the important enterprize 
they are designed to serve. We are persuaded these things 
are done without your Excellencys leave and knowledge; 
but as these complaints are become numerous and still increas- 
ing; We humbly request Your Excellencys interposition 
herein, that the Families to which such Children belong may 
live in quiet at home, & the Forces raising may go with strength 
and courage abroad." ^ 

To this complaint Shirley replied in a message, on June 
21st, in which he recommended the appointment of a 
Muster Master for reviewing the troops, to prevent misap- 
plication of the bounty and ''ineffectiveness of those that 
are really enlisted." ^ 

The wages of the officers of the transports were according 
to the following rates : for masters of double decked vessels, 
five pounds per month; for masters of single decked vessels 
four pounds, twelve shillings and sixpence; for mates, 
four pounds; and for boatswains and carpenters of double 
decked transports, three pounds, ten shillings per month. ^ 

Each soldier was provided with a tin flask in which to 
carry water during marches, and was allowed for his billet- 
ing five shillings per week from the time of his enlistment 



^ Maaa. Court Records, idem, pp. 464, 465. ^ Ihid., pp. 479, 480. 
3 Ihid., p. 524; cf. also with earlier vote, p. 490. 



16 

until August 6th, except for such time as he should be on 
the march, when he would be allowed eighteen pence per 
day, ^'accounting twenty miles for one days travel." ^ 

The provisions for transports and soldiers were ordered 
to be kept apart and to be distributed equally under parti- 
cular supervision;^ but the House unanimously non- 
concurred with the desire of the Council that ''both Soldiers 
and Seamen be allowed Beer, Rum or Molasses, as will 
be most suitable to the season of the Year; and that the 
Committee of War provide accordingly/' It is not clear 
whether ideas of economy or temperance w^ere responsible 
for this ruffle of opposition. 

On June 28th, 1746, Shirley delivered to both Houses 
his most important speech in connection with this affair, 
and after its conclusion the "Great and General Court or 
Assembly" was adjourned until July 15th. Although 
quotations from it have already been given, it is reproduced 
here in all of its original quaintness, and worthily exhibits 
the spirit of the times. 

"Gentlemen of the Council & House of Representatives. 

"The present necessary business of the Court being so far 
dispatched as to admit of a short Recess, I have thought 
proper to adjourn you for some time, that so the Committee 
of War may have more leisure to make needful preparations 
for the Expedition, and the rest of the Members an opportunity 
to encourage and promote the Levies for the same in their 
respective Counties; which I accordingly now recommend 
to you as a matter of the greatest importance to His Majestys 
service and the general advantage of His Colonies in North 
America, & to the future prosperity of this Province in par- 
ticular. 

"The near situation of the French to our borders, and 
their influence over the Indians have always been thought 
most pernicious to the interests of these Colonies and to 
threaten their final Destruction unless some method should 
be found to remove so bad a neighbour from us. And there- 
fore in every war with that Nation some design has been 
laid and attempts made for compassing this end. 



1 Mass. Court Records, idem, p. 514. * Ibid., p. 491. 



17 

"To demonstrate this to you I need only transcribe the 
following extract from the late M^ Agent Dummers letter 
upon that subject in 1712, in which he says, — 'I am sure 
it has been the cry of the whole country ever since Canada 
was delivered up to the French, Canada est delenda; they 
always looked upon it as a Carthage to the Northern Colonies, 
which if they did not destroy it would in time destroy them. 
Of this they were so apprehensive in the year 1690, that 
they came unanimously into a great and expensive under- 
taking against it, under the command of Sir William Phips, 
but meeting with an unaccountable train of disappointments, 
returned without doing any thing. This enterprize cost the 
single Province of the Massachusetts Bay above fifty thousand 
pounds, which together with the loss of abundance of their 
chosen young men, by a malignant fever that raged in the 
Camp; and several disasters that happened in the way home, 
gave that Province so deep a wound that it did not recover 
itself in many years after. However about five years agoe 
observing their French neighbours to increase and grow more 
and more formidable every day, they resolved to make them 
an other visit; but not thinking themselves strong enough 
to deal with Canada, they were content only to make an 
attempt on Port Royal, which was accordingly done, but 
most unhappily miscarried. Yet, far from disheartened by 
these misfortunes when Her Majesty about three years after 
signified her gracious intentions to reduce Canada and desired 
them to get ready their Quota, it cann't be expressed with 
what chearfulness they came into it. They raised their men 
immediately, cloathed them handsomly and disciplined them 
for the service, and had laid up Magazines of provisions both 
for their own and the Queens Troops then shortly expected. 
And, altho the Court altered their measures, did not proceed 
on that design, yet the Colonies and particularly New England 
were at near the same charge as if they had. The next year 
they raised a body of Troops again, which commanded by 
Coll. Nicholson and joined by five hundred Auxiliaries from 
hence, made an other attack on Port Royal, and carried it, 
as every body knows. Thus that poor country, exhausted 
by so many (and all but one fruitless) enterprizes, besides 
the oppressions of a twenty years French and Indian War, 
that has lain heavy upon them, yet did this summer past 
furnish more than the Quota assigned them for this late fatal 
expedition. I shall add one thing more, that over and above 
these extraordinary articles, the standing yearly charge of 
the Province of the Massachusetts Bay to maintain their 
Barrier against the enemy, is Thirty Thousand Pounds com- 



18 

munibus annis, which they would be eased if Canada were 
taken.' 

"Such, Gentlemen, have ever been the general sentiments 
and apprehensions of the People of New England concerning 
Canadas remaining in the hands of the French; and I may 
add to M'. Dummers remarks, that we ought never to think 
His Majesty's possession of Nova Scotia in security, whilst 
the enemy is suffered to continue Masters of Canada; and 
should it ever be our misfortune to see that Province reduced 
by them and added to Canada, it requires no extraordinary 
share of penetration to discern what must be, in a short time, 
the fatal consequences to this and all His Majestys Colonies 
on the Northern Continent of America. 

"Through the signal favour of Divine Providence to us, 
Annapolis Royal was indeed in the year immediately preceed- 
ing the last, saved from falling into the enemys hands, and 
the last year the Fortress of Louisbourgh with the Island 
of Cape Breton and its Dependencies reduced to the obedience 
of His Majesty: an atchievement worthy of the English name, 
and which must always be remembered to the lasting honour 
of the Province that undertook it, and of their troops which 
so bravely executed it; yet these are but single steps towards 
procuring the lasting Welfare & Tranquility of these Colonies. 
For since the reduction of Cape Breton, I suppose we have 
had greater numbers of Indians continually harrassing us 
in all parts of our Frontiers, and have been obliged to keep 
more men in pay for our defence, than at any other time 
in former wars; and the ravages and cruelties of the enemy 
in murthering & captivating our People, driving them from 
their Settlements, killing their Cattle, destroying some thou- 
sands of acres of Grain upon the ground, depopulating almost 
a whole Country in one of the neighbouring Colonies, and 
putting us to an immense charge, with so little success on 
our side, as not in the least to dispirit the enemy; I say these 
things considered, if no other measures be taken but the 
carrying on such a defensive War, a few years continuance 
of that alone, must work the inevitable destruction of this 
Province. 

"And now Gentlemen, affairs being brought to this Crisis 
with us, and His Majesty having, in compassion to the dis- 
tressed circumstances of his good subjects of these Provinces, 
ordered so strong an Armament for the Reduction of Canada, 
at a time when he has so much occasion to employ both his 
land and sea Forces in Europe, justly expecting that we, 
who will reap so large a part of the happy fruits of its success, 
should join to the utmost of our power in promoting this 
great design, especially as His Majesty has been graciously 



19 

pleased (besides all the other benefits allowed to our troops 
in the former Expeditions against Canada and Nova Scotia) 
to take upon himself the payment of & charge of cloathing 
the Forces in this Expedition; I say upon due consideration, 
I hope you will act your parts at this important conjuncture 
with Vigour and Resolution, not only in your Legislative 
capacity whilst you are together, but in the short time of 
your Recess among your neighbouring Towns in the Countrey, 
by encouraging the enlistments for His Majestys service in 
the present Expedition to the utmost of your power." ^ 

Since Massachusetts Bay took the lead among the colonies, 
an elaboration of her proceedings seemed to be pertinent. 
We turn now, yet with greater brevity, to observe what 
preparations were being made by the other governments, 
each of which gave special inducements, in one way or 
another, to favor an enlistment. 

New Hampshire voted to enlist one thousand men, 
though some authorities suggest that only five hundred 
took the field. Yet Governor Wentworth, in his requisi- 
tions to England for reimbursement, said his province 
raised seven hundred and thirty-three men, and that his 
Assembly had voted sixty thousand pounds for defraying 
expenses.^ 

Rhode Island voted three companies of one hundred 
men each, inclusive of officers — a standard for companies 
required by the royal instructions — and gave a bounty 
to each man of fifty pounds, in bills of public credit of 
the old tenor; a suit of clothes valued at twenty-six 
pounds of the old tenor; "bl small arm and cartouch box, 
over and above His Majesty's pay, and the share of booty 
taken"; also ''tents for the land forces, and a suitable 
bed and blanket for every two men.'' She expended, in 
addition to the bounty, £76,083 lis. 4d., New England 
currency, which reduced to sterling, at the rate of £750 
currency for £100 sterling, equalled £10,144 19s. 6d.;^ 



1 Mass. Court Records, idem, pp. 498-502. 

2 Chalmers's Papers, Canada; Memoirs of Last War, p. 62. 

3 R. I. Records, Vol. V., pp. 172, 175, 177, 236. 



20 

and was reimbursed to the sum of only £7507 4s. 3|d.^ 
In May, 1746, the Governor, Council and Representatives 
of Connecticut, in General Court assembled, voted to 
furnish ''six hundred able-bodied effective men, or more 
if they shall offer themselves," but at the June session 
increased the number to one thousand men, inclusive of 
the officers. The bounty and other allowances offered at 
the May session were also materially increased in June, 
'' for the encouragement of such men voluntarily to enlist 
themselves"; yet, in case the number should fall short, 
the remainder were ordered to ''be imprest to go into 
said service." The war committees of the several towns 
were given additional instructions. Jonathan Trumbull 
and Hezekiah Huntington were appointed "to provide, in 
the best and most reasonable manner, such good fire-locks, 
cutlasses, car touch-boxes and belts as may be wanted." 
Andrew Burr, Thomas Welles, Hezekiah Huntington, 
Gurdon Saltonstall, John Fowler and Jabez Hamlin were 
entrusted, as commissaries, "with full power by impressing, 
or otherwise, to provide sufficient transports for said troops 
and sufficient provisions at present for their subsistence 
five months from the time of their imbarkation, and also 
to provide cloathing, beds and other necessaries." ^ Officers 
were chosen for the regiment in May and June,^ and it 
was ordered that proclamations be issued "for the keeping 
days of Fasting and Prayer to Almighty God, for his pro- 
tection, blessing and assistance in the expedition." * 

The regiment was at New London early in August, 
awaiting orders to embark for Louisburg; and when the 
Assembly observed at its October session that the late 
season of the year presaged a delay for some time to come, 
they voted "that his Honour the Governour of this Colony 
be desired, and he is hereby desired, to advise the colonel 



1 Correspondence of the Colonial Governors of Rhode Island. Edited by G. S. Kim. 
ball; Vol. II. (1903), pp. 98, 99. 

^Public Records of the Colony of Conn., Vol. IX., pp. 211, 231, 232. 

8 Conn. Colony Records, Vol. IX., pp. 213, 214. 236, 237. * Ibid., p. 216. 



21 

or chief officer of the said regiment to offer a furlough to 
the said souldiers, that they may retu-e to their respective 
places of abode until they shall have his Majesties orders 
for mustering again." ^ This order was carried out by 
Governor I^aw, but as late as the year 1750, this resolve 
caused some trouble by being ''interpreted as expressing 
disrespect to his Majesty's orders, and tending to disad- 
vantage the then intended expedition.'' It even threatened 
to jeopardize the reimbursement promised by the mother 
country, but the action of Connecticut, it is certain, was 
prompted by a desire to economize the Crown's expenses, 
as well as to sustain the welfare of the colony.^ 

A census of New York, taken in 1746, shows that the 
white males between the years of sixteen and sixty numbered 
but 12,522, exclusive of Albany County, which could not 
be computed because of the enemy.' Nevertheless this 
province provided one thousand six hundred men, and 
also four ''independent" companies of one hundred men 
each. It also conciliated the Five Nations of Indians, 
through the instrumentality of Col. William Johnson, 
whom the Indians themselves had chosen to be their 
colonel.* Governor Clinton was personally active in con- 
ferences with the Indians, but at the same time was at 
loggerheads with his Assembly, who made him much 
trouble. On November 9th, 1747, he reported to Newcastle 
that "about £55,000 sterl." would cover all expenses 
incurred and to be liquidated.^ 

Lewis Morris, governor of New Jersey, died on May 
21st, 1746, whereby the government devolved upon the 
Honorable John Hamilton, the eldest member of the 
Council.' On June 12th Hamilton addressed the Council 

^Conn. Colony Records, idem, p. 257. 2 Zbtd., pp. 575, 576. 

3 JV. Y. Col. Does., Vol. VI., p. 392. New York's official action in behalf of the 
scheme can be studied from Journal of the Votes and Proceedings of the General 
Assembly of New York, Vol. II. (New York, 1766). * Ibid., p. 379. 

5 Ibid., p. 409. For muster rolls see. Second Annual Report of the State Historian 
of New York. Albany, 1897, pp. 617-639. 

6 N. J. Votes, of the given date. 



22 

and General Assembly and communicated Newcastle's 
letter of instructions to Morris, relative to the intended 
expedition. He also forwarded immediately the remaining 
letters of the packet to the governor of Pennsylvania. 
The Assembly expressed themselves as grateful to His 
Majesty for his '^paternal Care/' as shown by the proposed 
expedition, which also proved to them that His Majesty 
was ''not unmindful of the Welfare and Preservation even 
of his remotest Subjects." ^ New Jersey voted five hundred 
men, and by its appropriations impaired its own treasury. 
Col. Peter Schuyler, who commanded the New Jersey 
companies, also advanced some thousands of pounds ''out 
of his own estate" to keep his men together.^ But in 
doing so he reaped the displeasure of New York's governor, 
who bitterly complained to the mother country, asserting 
that Schuyler's action had caused desertions and mutiny 
among the unpaid provincials.^ 

The Legislature of Pennsylvania was controlled by 
Quakers, who, while affirming allegiance to the King's 
commands, so far as their religious persuasions would 
permit, objected to being "concerned in war-like Enter- 
prises."* In this they were seconded by the German 
Mennonites, a sect of Pennsylvania pietists, who were also 
advocates of non-resistance. Governor George Thomas, 
therefore, raised four hundred men, without an act of 
government, and clothed, armed and equipped them on 
his own credit. 

Maryland voted, "to encourage 300 able bodied Freemen 
to enlist . . . and to transport them to the Place of 
Rendezvous," ^ who were ready for the field by July 25th. 
As no arms could be purchased in Maryland at the time, 
the House, to prevent delay, consented to supply "out of 



> N. J. Votes, June, 1746. 2 md., June 13th, 1746, and Jan. 7th, 1748. 
»Ibid., Jan. 7, 1748; N. Y. Col. Docs., Vol. VI., pp. 341, 349, 351, 357; Chal- 
mers's Papers, Canada. 

* Penn. Votes, Vol. IV. (Phila., 1774), p. 38. 

■'' Maryland Votes and Proceedings of the Lower House of Assembly. 



Lif' 



23 

the public Magazine of this Province, on condition of the 
like Quantity being again replaced for the Use of the 
Public/' the following equipment: ''300 Muskets, with 
Slings and Bayonets, 300 Cartouch Boxes with Belts, 6 
Drums, 9 Half Pikes, and 6 Halberts.'' ^ These things 
were accordingly removed from the public magazine, but 
had not been replaced as late as June 22nd, 1747, when 
the new governor, Samuel Ogle, was urged to remedy the 
condition. But Maryland rejected the request of Shirley 
for appropriations toward the conciliation of the Six Nations, 
in the following words: — 

"We have considered the Letters from Governor Shirley, 
laid before us by your Excellency, and cannot with any Colour 
of Reason burthen the People of this Province upon every 
Suggestion of private and unknown Persons, who would 
willingly provide for themselves; or of Governors of distant 
Provinces, wlio, no doubt, would ease those under their respec- 
tive Governments, at the Expence of others. The People 
of Maryland have lately been at great Charge in providing 
for, and sending to Albany, three hundred Men for his Majesty's 
Service; which, with the Consideration of a weighty public 
debt now due, will we hope render us excused on the subject 
Matter of those Letters; and the more so, as it is well known 
we can hardly find Means for the necessary Supplies of our 
own Domestic Affairs." ^ 

Maryland did not advance anything for the pay of her 
contingent, but voted £5399 19s. 8d. for levying and 
maintaining them in Maryland and transporting them to 
Albany with provisions.* 

Virginia, though given special honors, in the person of 
Governor Gooch, contributed a very unequal proportion. 
She could raise only one hundred men, and even they were 
not ready before the middle of August. In October, 
1746, this Virginian contingent still lay encamped within 
the fort at New York city, waiting to proceed to Albany, 



1 Maryland Votes. 2 Ibid., June 25th, 1747. 

^ Ibid., July 11th and Dec. 23d, 1747. It is not clear whether this is all that 
was expended. 



24 

the place of rendezvous. A Virginian, referring to this 
tardiness, wrote: ''If Glory cannot fire us, let Shame 
confound us: Hark, the distant March sounds Britons 
strike home, revenge, revenge your Country's Wrong. Either 
let us undertake this Glorious Cause with the true Spirit 
of a British Adventurer, or admit ourselves dwindled to 
meer Savages, hiding our Heads in Infamy, while our 
Neighbours share the Rewards and Honours due to Pa- 
triotism." ^ A New Yorker remarked that, ''One would 
imagine the Honour of having their Governour appointed 
General of the Forces, should have excited their Zeal and 
redoubled their Vigour, on this glorious Occasion"; and 
said they contributed "a small Number indeed, for a People 
who have assumed that vain Motto to their Arms of En 
Dat Virginia Quartern." ^ This government voted "a sum 
of money not exceeding four thousand pounds, towards 
defraying the expence of enlisting, arming, cloathing, 
victualing, and transporting the Soldiers."^ 

Meanwhile Massachusetts, led by the enthusiasm of 
Shirley, wrought strenuously for the success of the enter- 
prise. Hopes ran high. The men at Albany, Louisburg 
and in New England eagerly waited for the regulars and 
the fleet, since their arrival was to sound the alarm for 
action. The Indian allies of New York thirsted for a 
chance to revenge themselves. In England a fleet and 
many transports had been collected at Portsmouth; but 
after several embarkations and debarkations, the British 
ministry altered the destination of the English regulars, 
for a descent on Brittany in France.* On May 30th, 1747, 
the Duke of Newcastle wrote to Shirley, directing that 



Virginia Gazette, reprinted in Parker's N. Y. Post-Boy, No. 185, for Augu-t 
4th. 1746. 

2 Parker's N. Y. Post-Boy, No. 190, for Sept. 8th, 1740. 

3 Virginia Acts (Williamsburg, 1752), p. 207; also in Hening's Statutes of Va., 
Vol. v. pp. 401-404. 

* Rolt, Vol. IV., p. 346. See also reasons on last page of this monograph. 



25 

the provincial forces be disbanded, as the following extract 
shows : — 

"His Majesty has been pleased to direct me to signify to 
you His Pleasure, that you should immediately appoint a 
Meeting with Commodore Knowles at such Place as shall be 
agreed upon, and consider with him the present State of 
Nova Scotia and Louisbourg, and take the proper Measures 
for the Defence of those Places. 

"It is His Majesty's Pleasure you should endeavour to com- 
pleat from out of the Americans which are now raised for 
His Majesty's Service, Sir William Pepperrell's Regiment, 
and your own. 

"Lieutenant General Phillip's Regiment, is, I am afraid, 
very weak; I will, however, send him His Majesty's Orders 
to send what Recruits can be got from hence: And you will 
also endeavour to have his Regiment compleated out of the 
Americans. 

"As it is His Majesty's Intention that the Americans should 
be immediately discharged, except only such few as are men- 
tioned above, the Manner of discharging them, the Satisfaction 
for their Time, &c. must be left to Commodore Knowles and 
yourself; the King however is perswaded you will do it as 
cheap as possible. 

"And as these American Troops have done little or no 
Service hitherto, it is hoped they will not expect to be paid 
in the Manner they would have been, had they actually been 
employ 'd on Service. And it seems highly reasonable, that 
such of these Troops as have remain 'd in the Provinces where 
they were inlisted, should be contented with less Pay than 
such of them as may have marched into other Provinces. 

"When you and Mr. Knowles shall have met, and fully 
consider'd the Service to be undertaken, in the Manner above- 
directed, and shall have agreed what Numbers of Americans 
it will be necessary to keep in Pay for that Purpose, it is 
His Majesty's Pleasure, that you should procure an Account 
of the whole Expence incurred on Account of the American 
Troops, from the Time of their being levied, to the Time of 
their Discharge; and when the same shall be fully adjusted 
and liquidated, you will transmit it to me, with the proper 
Vouchers, from the several Governors, that it may be laid 
before Parliament, to the End that Provision may be made 
for the Payment. And in the mean Time, in order to prevent 
any Complaint amongst the Men that have been inlisted, 
you will recommend it to the Governors of the Provinces 
where these Levies have been made, to procure Credit from 



26 

the respective Assemblies for that Purpose; which His Majesty 
hopes may be done without Difficulty. . . . And as to 
the Americans in general, except only such as may be wanted 
for the Service above-mention 'd, it is His Majesty's Pleasure, 
that you, in Conjunction with Commodore Knowles, should 
thank them in such Manner as you think proper, and imme- 
diately discharge them upon the best and cheapest Foot 
you can; and in Order thereto, you will consult with the 
respective Governors upon the Manner of doing it: And you 
will transmit to His Majesty, an immediate Account of what 
you shall do therein." 

In October, 1747, Shirley and Knowles issued a procla- 
mation, ''that the King, finding it necessary to employ 
the greater part of his forces to aid his allies and to defend 
the liberties of Europe, had thought proper to lay aside 
for the present the intended expedition against Canada. '' ^ 

Even the desire of Shirley to use some of the men raised 
for a more modest expedition against Crown Point was 
doomed to fail. Thus ended a scheme which had been 
well-concerted, and which gave every promise of success. 
It had been entered upon primarily at the expense of the 
mother country, and failure to execute it proved a tremen- 
dous waste,^ aggregating several millions of dollars, as 
reckoned by us today. 

* Chalmers's Papers. The proclamation is also printed in Records of Rhode Island, 
Vol. V. General Sinclair's forces and Admiral Lestock's squadron were ready to 
sail for North America, but " contrary winds" delayed them. Meanwhile Knowles 
had informed the Secretary of the Admiralty that Louisburg was "the most misera- 
ble ruinous place " he ever beheld. It was, therefore, considered unfit for winter" 
quarters for the English regulars, and Boston, suggested by Lestock as an alternative, 
was not chosen, for reasons shown in the following extract from the joint letter of 
th *• Duke of Newcastle to Lestock and Sinclair, August 26th, 1746, contemporary 
transcript in N. Y. Public Library: " His Majesty finding, by your former letters, 
that it would be impracticable for you to proceed this Season with the Squadron 
and Troops under your Command further than Boston, and being desirous that they 
shou'd be employ'd at present, in such manner as shou'd be most for His Majesty's 
Service, and consistent with the King's intention of sending them to North-America, 
as early in the Spring, as the Navigation in those Seas will permit. The King has 
commanded me to acquaint you with his Pleasure, that you shou'd forthwith sail 
with all the Ships and Transports that are design'd for North America, either to 
Port L'Orient, or to Rochefort, or to Rochelle, and endeavour to make Yourselves 
Masters of such of them as You shall think it most adviseablo to attempt " [etc.], 

2 An elaborate report of the respective claims by the colonies for reimbursement, 
dated February, 1749-1750, shows that the total sum charged was £273,139 Ish. 
Hid.; and the amount actually paid out at that time was £235,817 Ish. Chal- 
mers's Papers. A discussion of the expenses incurred by Massachusetts is given 
in Some Observations Relating to the Present Circumstances of the Province of Massa- 
chusetts Bay, Boston, 1750. This is a pamphlet of twenty pages. 



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